Deuterium-enriched clopidogrel

ABSTRACT

The present application describes deuterium-enriched clopidogrel, pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof, and methods of treating using the same.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to deuterium-enriched clopidogrel, pharmaceutical compositions containing the same, and methods of using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Clopidogrel, shown below, is a well known antiplatelet agent.

Since clopidogrel is a known and useful pharmaceutical, it is desirable to discover novel derivatives thereof. Clopidogrel is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,469; the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, one object of the present invention is to provide deuterium-enriched clopidogrel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It is another object of the present invention to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the deuterium-enriched compounds of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for treating a disease selected from coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease, comprising administering to a host in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of at least one of the deuterium-enriched compounds of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

It is another object of the present invention to provide a novel deuterium-enriched clopidogrel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy.

It is another object of the present invention to provide the use of a novel deuterium-enriched clopidogrel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament (e.g., for the treatment of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease).

These and other objects, which will become apparent during the following detailed description, have been achieved by the inventor's discovery of the presently claimed deuterium-enriched clopidogrel.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Deuterium (D or ²H) is a stable, non-radioactive isotope of hydrogen and has an atomic weight of 2.0144. Hydrogen naturally occurs as a mixture of the isotopes ¹H (hydrogen or protium), D (²H or deuterium), and T (³H or tritium). The natural abundance of deuterium is 0.015%. One of ordinary skill in the art recognizes that in all chemical compounds with a H atom, the H atom actually represents a mixture of H and D, with about 0.015% being D. Thus, compounds with a level of deuterium that has been enriched to be greater than its natural abundance of 0.015%, should be considered unnatural and, as a result, novel over their non-enriched counterparts.

All percentages given for the amount of deuterium present are mole percentages.

It can be quite difficult in the laboratory to achieve 100% deuteration at any one site of a lab scale amount of compound (e.g., milligram or greater). When 100% deuteration is recited or a deuterium atom is specifically shown in a structure, it is assumed that a small percentage of hydrogen may still be present. Deuterium-enriched can be achieved by either exchanging protons with deuterium or by synthesizing the molecule with enriched starting materials.

The present invention provides deuterium-enriched clopidogrel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof There are sixteen hydrogen atoms in the clopidogrel portion of clopidogrel as show by variables R₁-R₁₆ in formula I below.

The hydrogens present on clopidogrel have different capacities for exchange with deuterium. Hydrogen atoms R₁₅-R₁₆ may be exchanged for deuterium atoms under acidic conditions, e.g. D₂SO₄/D₂O, but hydrolysis of the ester will also result. The ester may be reformed with CD₃OH/DCl, affording clopidogrel with R₁₅-R₁₆ and R₆-R₈=D. Alternatively, reforming the ester with CH₃OH/HCl will produce clopidogrel with just R₁₅-R₁₆=D. The remaining hydrogen atoms are not easily exchangeable and may be incorporated by the use of deuterated starting materials or intermediates during the construction of clopidogrel.

The present invention is based on increasing the amount of deuterium present in clopidogrel above its natural abundance. This increasing is called enrichment or deuterium-enrichment. If not specifically noted, the percentage of enrichment refers to the percentage of deuterium present in the compound, mixture of compounds, or composition. Examples of the amount of enrichment include from about 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 16, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37, 42, 46, 50, 54, 58, 63, 67, 71, 75, 79, 84, 88, 92, 96, to about 100 mol %. Since there are 16 hydrogens in clopidogrel, replacement of a single hydrogen atom with deuterium would result in a molecule with about 6% deuterium enrichment. In order to achieve enrichment less than about 6%, but above the natural abundance, only partial deuteration of one site is required. Thus, less than about 6% enrichment would still refer to deuterium-enriched clopidogrel.

With the natural abundance of deuterium being 0.015%, one would expect that for approximately every 6,667 molecules of clopidogrel (1/0.00015=6,667), there is one naturally occurring molecule with one deuterium present. Since clopidogrel has 16 positions, one would roughly expect that for approximately every 106,672 molecules of clopidogrel (16×6,667), all 16 different, naturally occurring, mono-deuterated clopidogrels would be present. This approximation is a rough estimate as it doesn't take into account the different exchange rates of the hydrogen atoms on clopidogrel. For naturally occurring molecules with more than one deuterium, the numbers become vastly larger. In view of this natural abundance, the present invention, in an embodiment, relates to an amount of an deuterium enriched compound, whereby the enrichment recited will be more than naturally occurring deuterated molecules.

In view of the natural abundance of deuterium-enriched clopidogrel, the present invention also relates to isolated or purified deuterium-enriched clopidogrel. The isolated or purified deuterium-enriched clopidogrel is a group of molecules whose deuterium levels are above the naturally occurring levels (e.g., 6%). The isolated or purified deuterium-enriched clopidogrel can be obtained by techniques known to those of skill in the art (e.g., see the syntheses described below).

The present invention also relates to compositions comprising deuterium-enriched clopidogrel. The compositions require the presence of deuterium-enriched clopidogrel which is greater than its natural abundance. For example, the compositions of the present invention can comprise (a) a μg of a deuterium-enriched clopidogrel; (b) a mg of a deuterium-enriched clopidogrel; and, (c) a gram of a deuterium-enriched clopidogrel.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides an amount of a novel deuterium-enriched clopidogrel.

Examples of amounts include, but are not limited to (a) at least 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, to 1 mole, (b) at least 0.1 moles, and (c) at least 1 mole of the compound. The present amounts also cover lab-scale (e.g., gram scale), kilo-lab scale (e.g., kilogram scale), and industrial or commercial scale (e.g., multi-kilogram or above scale) quantities as these will be more useful in the actual manufacture of a pharmaceutical. Industrial/commercial scale refers to the amount of product that would be produced in a batch that was designed for clinical testing, formulation, sale/distribution to the public, etc.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently selected from H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is at least 6%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 13%, (b) at least 19%, (c) at least 25%,(d) at least 31%, (e) at least 38%, (f) at least 44%, (g) at least 50%, (h) at least 56%, (i) at least 63%, (j) at least 69%, (k) at least 75%, (1) at least 81%, (m) at least 88%, (n) at least 94%, and (o) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₄ is at least 25%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 50%, (b) at least 75%, and (c) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₅ is at least 20%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 40%, (b) at least 60%, (c) at least 80%, and (d) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₅ is 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₆-R₈ is at least 33%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 67%, and (b) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₀ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₄ is at least 17%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 33%, (b) at least 50%, (c) at least 67%, (d) at least 83%, and (e) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₁-R₁₂ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₃-R₁₄ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₅-R₁₆ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently selected from H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is at least 6%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 13%, (b) at least 19%, (c) at least 25%,(d) at least 31%, (e) at least 38%, (f) at least 44%, (g) at least 50%, (h) at least 56%, (i) at least 63%, (h) at least 69%, (k) at least 75%, (l) at least 81%, (m) at least 88%, (n) at least 94%, and (o) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₄ is at least 25%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 50%, (b) at least 75%, and (c) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₅ is at least 20%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 40%, (b) at least 60%, (c) at least 80%, and (d) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₅ is 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₆-R₈ is at least 33%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 67%, and (b) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₀ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₄ is at least 17%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 33%, (b) at least 50%, (c) at least 67%, (d) at least 83%, and (e) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₂ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₃-R₁₄ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel, isolated deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₅-R₁₆ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel mixture of deuterium enriched compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently selected from H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is at least 6%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 13%, (b) at least 19%, (c) at least 25%,(d) at least 31%, (e) at least 38%, (f) at least 44%, (g) at least 50%, (h) at least 56%, (i) at least 63%, (j) at least 69%, (k) at least 75%, (l) at least 81%, (m) at least 88%, (n) at least 94%, and (o) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₄ is at least 25%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 50%, (b) at least 75%, and (c) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₅ is at least 20%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 40%, (b) at least 60%, (c) at least 80%, and (d) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₅ is 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₆-R₈ is at least 33%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 67%, and (b) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₀ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₄ is at least 17%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 33%, (b) at least 50%, (c) at least 67%, (d) at least 83%, and (e) 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₁-R₁₂ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₃-R₁₄ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel mixture of, deuterium enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₅-R₁₆ is at least 50%. The abundance can also be (a) at least 100%.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides novel pharmaceutical compositions, comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a deuterium-enriched compound of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a novel method for treating a disease selected from coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease comprising: administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a deuterium-enriched compound of the present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides an amount of a deuterium-enriched compound of the present invention as described above for use in therapy.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides the use of an amount of a deuterium-enriched compound of the present invention for the manufacture of a medicament (e.g., for the treatment of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and/or cerebrovascular disease).

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof. This invention encompasses all combinations of preferred aspects of the invention noted herein. It is understood that any and all embodiments of the present invention may be taken in conjunction with any other embodiment or embodiments to describe additional more preferred embodiments. It is also to be understood that each individual element of the preferred embodiments is intended to be taken individually as its own independent preferred embodiment. Furthermore, any element of an embodiment is meant to be combined with any and all other elements from any embodiment to describe an additional embodiment.

Definitions

The examples provided in the definitions present in this application are non-inclusive unless otherwise stated. They include but are not limited to the recited examples.

The compounds of the present invention may have asymmetric centers. Compounds of the present invention containing an asymmetrically substituted atom may be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. It is well known in the art how to prepare optically active forms, such as by resolution of racemic forms or by synthesis from optically active starting materials. All processes used to prepare compounds of the present invention and intermediates made therein are considered to be part of the present invention. All tautomers of shown or described compounds are also considered to be part of the present invention.

“Host” preferably refers to a human. It also includes other mammals including the equine, porcine, bovine, feline, and canine families.

“Treating” or “treatment” covers the treatment of a disease-state in a mammal, and includes: (a) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a mammal, in particular, when such mammal is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease-state, e.g., arresting it development; and/or (c) relieving the disease-state, e.g., causing regression of the disease state until a desired endpoint is reached. Treating also includes the amelioration of a symptom of a disease (e.g., lessen the pain or discomfort), wherein such amelioration may or may not be directly affecting the disease (e.g., cause, transmission, expression, etc.).

“Therapeutically effective amount” includes an amount of a compound of the present invention that is effective when administered alone or in combination to treat the desired condition or disorder. “Therapeutically effective amount” includes an amount of the combination of compounds claimed that is effective to treat the desired condition or disorder. The combination of compounds is preferably a synergistic combination. Synergy, as described, for example, by Chou and Talalay, Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1984, 22:27-55, occurs when the effect of the compounds when administered in combination is greater than the additive effect of the compounds when administered alone as a single agent. In general, a synergistic effect is most clearly demonstrated at sub-optimal concentrations of the compounds. Synergy can be in terms of lower cytotoxicity, increased antiviral effect, or some other beneficial effect of the combination compared with the individual components.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to derivatives of the disclosed compounds wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of the basic residues. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, such conventional non-toxic salts include, but are not limited to, those derived from inorganic and organic acids selected from 1,2-ethanedisulfonic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic, acetic, ascorbic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, bicarbonic, carbonic, citric, edetic, ethane disulfonic, ethane sulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, glycollyarsanilic, hexylresorcinic, hydrabamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, hydroiodide, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthoic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauryl sulfonic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, napsylic, nitric, oxalic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phosphoric, polygalacturonic, propionic, salicyclic, stearic, subacetic, succinic, sulfamic, sulfanilic, sulfuric, tannic, tartaric, and toluenesulfonic.

Synthesis

Scheme 1 shows a route to clopidogrel (Descamps, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,469).

Scheme 2 shows how various deuterated starting materials and intermediates can be used in the chemistry of Scheme 1 to make deuterated clopidogrel analogs. A person skilled in the art of organic synthesis will recognize that these materials may be used in various combinations to access a variety of other deuterated clopidogrels that are not shown. Strecker reaction of the known deuterated compound 5 affords 6 as shown in equation (1) of Scheme 2. If 6 is used in place of 1 in the chemistry of Scheme 1, clopidogrel with R₁-R₅=D results. Using the known deuterated aldehyde 7 in similar chemistry affords 8 as shown in equation (2). If 8 is used in place of 1 in the chemistry of Scheme 1, clopidogrel with R₅=D results. Using the deuterated aldehyde 9 in similar chemistry affords 10 as shown in equation (3). If 10 is used in place of 1 in the chemistry of Scheme 1, clopidogrel with R₁-R₄=D results. Transesterification of clopidogrel as shown in equation (4) with deuterated methanol affords clopidogrel with R₆-R₈=D. According to equation (5), if commercially available tetradeuteriothiophene 12 is subjected to cyanomethylation, hydrolysis, and esterification, the ester 13 results. Reduction of 13 and tosylation of the resultant alcohol affords 14, which if used in place of 3 in the chemistry of Scheme 1, affords clopidogrel with R₁₅-R₁₆=D. Alternatively, if non-deuterated 15 is made by a similar route and subjected to an exchange reaction as shown in equation (6), 16 is produced. If 16 is used in the chemistry of Scheme 1, clopidogrel with R₁₃-R₁₄=D results. Alternatively, if 15 is subjected to deuteride reduction as shown in equation (7), 17 results. If 17 is used in the chemistry of Scheme 1, clopidogrel with R₁₁-R₁₂=D results. A Pictet-Spengler reaction on 18 with deuterated formaldehyde affords 19 as shown in equation (8), which if used in the chemistry of Scheme 1 affords clopidogrel with R₉-R₁₀=D. If the ester is hydrolyzed under these conditions, it may be reformed with CH₃OH/HCl.

EXAMPLES

Table 1 provides compounds that are representative examples of the present invention. When one of R₁-R₁₆ is present, it is selected from H or D.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Table 2 provides compounds that are representative examples of the present invention. Where H is shown, it represents naturally abundant hydrogen.

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise that as specifically described herein. 

1. A deuterium-enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently selected from H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is at least 6%.
 2. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is selected from at least 6%, at least 13%, at least 19%, at least 25%, at least 31%, at least 38%, at least 44%, at least 50%, at least 56%, at least 63%, at least 69%, at least 75%, at least 81%, at least 88%, at least 94%, and 100%.
 3. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₄ is selected from at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, and 100%.
 4. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₅ is selected from 100%.
 5. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₆-R₈ is selected from at least 33%, at least 67%, and 100%.
 6. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₄ is selected from at least 17%, at least 33%, at least 50%, at least 67%, at least 83%, and 100%.
 7. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₅-R₁₆ is selected from at least 50% and 100%.
 8. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from compounds 1-10 of Table 1:
 9. A deuterium-enriched compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from compounds 11-20 of Table 2:
 10. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently selected from H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is at least 6%.
 11. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is selected from at least 6%, at least 13%, at least 19%, at least 25%, at least 31%, at least 38%, at least 44%, at least 50%, at least 56%, at least 63%, at least 69%, at least 75%, at least 81%, at least 88%, at least 94%, and 100%.
 12. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₄ is selected from at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, and 100%.
 13. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₅ is selected from 100%.
 14. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₆-R₈ is selected from at least 33%, at least 67%, and 100%.
 15. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₄ is selected from at least 17%, at least 33%, at least 50%, at least 67%, at least 83%, and 100%.
 16. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₅-R₁₆ is selected from at least 50% and 100%.
 17. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the compound is selected from compounds 1-10 of Table 1:
 18. An isolated deuterium-enriched compound of claim 10, wherein the compound is selected from compounds 11-20 of Table 2:
 19. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compounds of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

wherein R₁-R₁₆ are independently selected from H and D; and the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is at least 6%.
 20. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₁₆ is selected from at least 6%, at least 13%, at least 19%, at least 25%, at least 31%, at least 38%, at least 44%, at least 50%, at least 56%, at least 63%, at least 69%, at least 75%, at least 81%, at least 88%, at least 94%, and 100%.
 21. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁-R₄ is selected from at least 25%, at least 50%, at least 75%, and 100%.
 22. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₅ is selected from 100%.
 23. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₆-R₈ is selected from at least 33%, at least 67%, and 100%.
 24. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₉-R₁₄ is selected from at least 17%, at least 33%, at least 50%, at least 67%, at least 83%, and 100%.
 25. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the abundance of deuterium in R₁₅-R₁₆ is selected from at least 50% and 100%.
 26. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the compound is selected from compounds 1-10 of Table 1:
 27. A mixture of deuterium-enriched compound of claim 19, wherein the compound is selected from compounds 11-20 of Table 2:
 28. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising: a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.
 29. A method for treating a disease selected from coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, or combination thereof, comprising: administering, to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof. 